(Dec 1, 2012)
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| Obverse | Forepart of stag | | Reverse | Square incuse punch | | Obverse | Land Chelone / Reverse: ΑΙΓ(INA) and dolphin | 3cm in diameter
Coins are usually metal or alloy metal, or sometimes made of synthetic materials
In the last hundred years, the face value of circulation coins has occasionally been lower than the value of the metal they contain, for example due to inflation
The American Gold Eagle has a face value of US$50, and the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins also have nominal (purely symbolic) face values (e.g
C$50 for 1 oz
The first copper pennies were minted in the United States in the 1790s
nickel, cupronickel, aluminium bronze), representing values higher than the value of their metal, were minted in the mid 19th century
The oldest Aegina Chelone coins depicted sea turtles and were minted ca. 700 BC
[11] Early electrum coins were not standardized in weight, and in their earliest stage may have been ritual objects, such as badges or medals, issued by priests
The first Lydian coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold that was further alloyed with added silver and copper
Coins were minted in the Achaemenid Empire, including the gold darics and silver sigloi
and with the Achemenid conquest of Gandhara under Darius the Great ca. 520 BC, the practice spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra
The first Roman coins, which were crude, heavy cast bronzes, were issued ca. 289 B
Thus there is very little economic difference between notes and coins of equivalent face value
It costs more than face value to manufacture pennies or nickels, so any widespread loss of the coins in circulation could be expensive for the Treasury
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